09 novembre 2012

Change the frame to make us forget the picture... (festivals)

Mark Cousins believes that the pretty fun framing is what makes film art better for the audience

Film Festival Form: A Manifesto (Mark Cousins; Film Festival Academy; 22 Septembre 2012) [PDF]


Is this what a seasoned "festival critic" comes up with? What a self-indulgent prick! If film culture is in crisis it's because of douche-bags like these, not because the carpet on the floor of festivals is red... 

What is tragic is that there are more and more spoiled brats like this clown who share such demented ideas around a few beers while they wait outside the VIP room, bitter, whining for being rejected from special events of no importance to serious film critics... They text each-others grandiloquent theories about what festivals should be like and muster the courage to publish it for the world to see, even after sobering up... Why aren't festivals built around ME, MY TASTE, MY FANCY, MY WHIMS, MY NEED FOR ENTERTAINMENT? Why are actors and directors the stars of festivals and not movie reviewers? Why do they get VIP rooms, red carpet, galas and we don't? Basically, this smart-ass doesn't care to provide a better service for filmmakers, their film, or cinema itself, in general. NO. What he wants is to change the format of ALL FESTIVALS to serve his need for ADDITIONAL distractions. Films aren't enough in and of themselves... he wants more action going on around their screenings, to make the event more memorable to superficial douche-bags who only remember the packaging. If Kiarostami comes with a "boring" film, let the curator spice it up to his liking, so that the repetitive job of a movie reviewer becomes more exciting. Yeah right! 
You really don't understand anything about art, dude! You don't know what is the role of a festival, and you don't know how to stay in your place, the place of a reviewer subaltern and complementary to the art exhibition, not as a substitution for it. 
If you want to make general recommendations about the format of a cultural event, you need to accommodate most everyone, not to impose an incredibly narrow-format that obviously only suit your idiosyncratic fancy and that most everyone else will definitely not enjoy or desire...

If cinema is art, then a festival is its art gallery, thus MUST remain the most neutral showcase to present each work without influencing the audience in one way or another, and let the film speaks for itself and seize the audience attention any which way its creator chose.
If Maurice Lemaître, wants the projection of his film to become an event-performance in itself, this is HIS prerogative and he will CONCEIVE his work to be projected in a very specific (unconventional) way (instructions included). But if a festival curator decides to screen a given film to his own fancy, without consulting the auteur, it is a crime against the art, not a celebration of whatever the filmmakers wants to show. This lost soul (Mark Cousins) confuses festival screening with art happening, détournement, hi-jacking, defacing, vandalism... 
If you want your documentary on the history of cinema to be screened in one theatre for the first half, then send everybody home where they can download on a cellphone the next 30 minutes... this is your choice, the choice of the maker, and it means you didn't put much thoughts into your editing process if the projection continuity can be interrupted and disrupted in such careless manner. But if you do that to a Bresson film, you're a douche, not a genius curator.

Did you see how your peers react to anti-conformist formats? How they booed Bresson, Pialat, Antonioni, Gallo, Lars Von Trier, Carax... What makes you think that these morons who get offended by the content and form of films themselves, would welcome your proposed performance art around screenings??? Are you dreaming or just high? Did you see what your bored colleague Nick James writes about festivals at Sight & Sound when they aren't mainstream enough? Did you see how Americans think that the choice at the Oscars is too elitist??? You're out of your mind if you think that there are a lot of people who await for a more transgressive festival format.  

If you think filmmakers aren't capable enough to come up with their own creative screenings, and festival curators are too timid, why don't you get off your ass and go MAKE YOUR OWN deconstructive festival, and deface films all you want??? See how many filmmakers will accept your invitation... LMAO. 
And I'm not saying "Do It Yourself" to challenge you to achieve the task you criticize (like idiots demand critics to become filmmakers before being able to judge a movie)... You need to carry out this project yourself because this is YOUR INDIVIDUAL AGENDA. This is not the business of the festival circuit to create a value-added container for films lacking self-worth. If you can find filmmakers interested by your proposition, if people enjoy your sacrilegious event, all dandy. But YOUR prototype has no chance to become THE only standard (which your manifesto kinda wants to impose on everyone), and even if the a-cultured audience makes your thing viral because they prefer trashing art, than integer art itself, there will always be a role in society, in culture, in the film industry, for the "traditional format" of film festival that you hate : to introduce premières to world critics in a formal yet neutral way.
Even an experimental artist would rather come up with their own built-in screening conditions (however wacky and improvised) than let a random curator with no artistic training temper with they way they designed their work to be interacted with... They wouldn't even let another (trained, experienced, famous) artist alter the projection ritual with an artistic sensibility that might contradict the intention of the film (unless it was part of an agreed upon collaborative project)!

Sorry Orson Welles, we can't screen your cut of The Magnificent Ambersons, we'll let James Cameron recut it for you and screen its 5 new chapters in 5 different theatres simultaneously. FUN!
Sorry Stanley Kubrick, we can't screen Barry Lyndon the way you intended it, it will be re-cut by Godard, and screened on an iPod as a 5 minute accelerated trailer. FUN!
Sorry Tarr Béla, we can't screen The Turin Horse as a normal film, it will be recolourized by Disney and screened in digital format on a 60 inches TV set. FUN!
Yay, finally someone is there to improve upon whatever these "incapable" filmmakers could achieve on their own. (saracasm intended; sometimes I have to state it for the dummies who still read my blog targeted at an educated readership who already knows I'm defending auteurs and their sacred right to final cut)

"the world of film festivals is, in fact, in crisis"
Mark Cousins can't get in the VIP room, is bounced out at the private party on Tom Cruise's yacht  has to wait in line like everyone else because the colour of his badge doesn't match the colour of his credit card... Weep. Weep. Let's all cry and empatise, because there is a WORLDWIDE CRISIS of UNPRECEDENTED PROPORTIONS raging the GALAXY OF THE FILM FESTIVAL CIRCUIT : Mark Cousins doesn't get what he wants!!!!! OMG! The end of the world is near. TELL EVERYONE!!! We must change the format of festivals for EVERYONE, because Mark Cousins and 3 of his frustrated beer buddies dream of an entertainment park where reviewers are treated like the center of the world. 
Do you see filmmakers complain about festivals? Do they refuse en mass to attend them? Is there a generalized boycott? Do the curators complain? Do the audience complain? No. Not really, it's mostly frustrated movie reviewers who want apples to be oranges, just because.

"There are too many of them chasing world premieres and film celebrities"
Yeah, well... that's kind of the point, you know. That's your way to look at it, the half-empty glass. But then again, when you look at it another way, maybe festivals are different from your local multiplex because they only screen the best. And maybe film celebrities are sought after because they are the best at what they do. So if you expect festivals to pick second-hand films and unknown artists, maybe just maybe, they won't be "festivals" anymore and become another local community center that nobody cares about and where great masterpieces will never be discovered. 

"we should think of them as authored, just as films are authored. We should think of them as narratives – stories lasting ten days or two weeks, just as films are narratives"
Do you think so poorly of festival curators? Don't you think their selection is in itself a very personal touch? Some even suggest they are being way too idiosyncratic... Don't you realise that the films are programmed with a certain event narrative in mind? Like it or not, but there is a narrative (while respecting the singularity and neutrality for each film). They don't queue films one after the other in a random order. And every decision taken will piss of at least one of the nominees, because they wanted their film to be screened at another time slot... 

"There should, therefore, be no red carpets at film festivals. No limos. No VIP rooms"
... because art films don't deserve the celebrity treatment! We should embrace the fact that art cinema is an invisible niche, dull and austere, and get together in a dark moldy basement, because deference and ceremony is only appropriate for superficial stars in Hollywood who make big business. Why make low-key artists feel like they are the celebrities of the art world? Why waste a red carpet at an art festival if its BO can't afford it? Why shine a spotlight on art cinema once a year, if they should remain invisible all year?

"they are poetry not prose"
They are neither. Festivals are not literature (art), they are the book cover, the marketing packaging (showcase)!

"The people who run film festivals must think of themselves as storytellers and stylists. They must ask themselves what the narrative structure of their event is, and its aesthetic."
Yeah. And that's exactly what Mussolini wanted to do with Venice... impose his own fascist narrative onto world cinema, and highlight a very particular agenda that supersedes the art of individual films themselves. You can do that when you're a dictator, when you believe that YOUR OWN IDEA OF AESTHETIC is the only right one, and everyone else (guest filmmakers, critics and audience) must submit to your narrative, your choices, your ideology. That's when you don't think that artists should be allowed to speak for themselves and be presented to the public on equal footing, in a neutral context that doesn't favor one aesthetic or the other. A respectful festival makes rooms and lets shine each and every artist and film, each tendency, each form, each ideas, without tempering, without favouritism, without decorative mannerism. The glamour aspect you don't like (which is an unfortunate, but inevitable, collateral ritual of our over-mediated era) is only an exterior mannerism, it is the same packaging for every award nominee, it doesn't interfere with the own presentation filmmakers already decided for their film, BY SCRIPTING THEM, CASTING THEM, STAGING THEM, DIRECTING THEM, EDITING THEM, MIXING THEM!!!! This is what is called a cinema narrative and filmmakers do it by themselves, they don't need someone at the door to make last minute changes... 

"And there’s the whole issue of festivity itself to restore to the centre of the world of film festivals."
Yeah, cause if films can't be fun in and of themselves, we need an event-planner to make them more fabulous than they are, so that the audience who came to watch movies will leave with the satisfaction of spending a day at the entertainment park! LOL
So you're saying that the current format of film festivals is not "festive" or "communal"? What festival do you go to? Do you realise there is more communal experience (like at an actual screening in a commercial theatre open to the public) at a festival screening than at your weekly press screening in a tiny luxury screening rooms reserved for professional critics, among themselves, in leather seats twice the size of one in a normal commercial multiplex, sharing the same press kit material, exchanging the same talking points the press will agree to run its columns on, making spoiled brat faces, petty, disgusted, overfed, bored with themselves)

"[..]to counter this [fascist Venice at its inception], two alternative festivals were launched, one in a former fishing town, Cannes, and one in the ‘Athens of the North’, a centre of the Enlightenment, Edinburgh."
LMAO. Bias at its best! The Enlightenment was born in the UK? We'll have to correct all our books in Paris then... Cannes is a posh spa resort for rich Russian mafia tycoons, like most towns on the Riviera. But let's paint it as a noble proletarian village of hardworking fishermen to best serve Cousins's artificial narrative... He's complaining about fascism and marketing and he's doing exactly like them, only that when he deceives to serve his ideology it's not lying it's "printing the legend"... Hilarious, if it wasn't terribly sad.

"Toronto International Film Festival’s Piers Handling called this counter-market an ‘alternative distribution network’"
Then he's an idiot. See: Artfilm Visibility (festivals)

"Festivals should be radically about joy, about countering alienation, about telling the world of money and commodity that – ha ha – it doesn't know the secrets of the human heart or the inexpressible, stupendous need to be with other human beings."
LOL. Cause the world of profitable movies isn't already about "joy" and "countering alienation" with escapism. Yeah I see the totally different format you propose to counter the BO hits... Right. Comedy doesn't do well in the mainstream masses, so let's throw away the "serious film" and give their place in the sun to MORE FUCKING COMEDIES!!!! More Fun!!! Cause we're babies and we cannot live without FUN, FUN, FUN. Don't make us think, don't feed us vegetables, don't talk about depressing stuff. Let's live in Willy Wonka's colourful chocolate factory. 

"Film festivals should be more sceptical about business and industry. They should be the conscience of the film world. [..] A film festival is a shape, a response to the lay of the land and light of a city, or to a flood in Pakistan, or the threat to bomb Iran."
Sure. Mark Cousins wants festivals to be more political, more involved with tragic stories... OF COURSE. But not with depressing films, only with JOY, FUN, ENTERTAINMENT. Let's be the conscience of the world while having a bit of fun, right? Let's talk gleefully about bombing! Let's show the joyful side of a flood! He's so far up his own ass, he doesn't care about contradicting himself, about wanting one thing and its opposite and voicing out his disagreement with both options alternatively, a few sentences apart. Does he read himself before publishing what he writes? Does he think a bit before writing? 

"The people who run film festivals [..] challenge themselves to do things differently."
Let's put it bluntly, your counter-proposition to the current state of the festival circuit is not an improvement, no matter how bad you think it is. In fact, it is an heresy of a festival that you call for. So if you really want THAT to happen, you need to label it as something else. It doesn't walk like a duck, it doesn't quack like a duck... You're offering a new event where films aren't shown in their intended form, you're mutating their image, like Warhol transform the Campbell soup... however, Warhol was an artist (i.e. a producer of his own content), he didn't sell tomato soup, he sold his image of can. A curator is NOT an artist, who could produce new content with old content. If you transform existing films, you don't show these, you show DIFFERENT FILMS that didn't exist before.

Berlin showed A Separation, and the UK only screened it on 30 screens nationwide... As far as I'm concerned, the Berlinale is doing its political duty, and UK critics are failing to carrying on the job until the public can also see that film!!! Cannes is showing This Is Not A Film (Iranian censorship), After the battle and 18 Days (Egyptian revolution), Plus Jamais Peur (Tunisian revolution) Duch, le maître des forges de l'enfer (Cambodian genocide)... and critics pan them because they are too anti-conformist! If something is wrong at festival it's the narrow-minded mentality of movie reviewers!!! Change the critics, not the festival format!

What political films aren't showing at festivals? You name drop a lot of pop culture references in your manifesto... you could at least give us a few examples of your superior taste in cinema that apparently all festivals on the planet have ignored so far... Where are these films that nobody is talking about? Find them! Show them! Surprise me, let's see if they rival in quality the ones that end up on the Year-End Lists (which are mostly drawn from major festival line up, because these festival do their job, collectively, of bringing the best)... Complaining about a shortage of quality in hypothetical terms is quite easy. But being specific and relevant requires a little more legwork, and thinking. 




P.S. Oh by the way, Mark, the diacritic accent on the "e" of "mise en scène" goes the other way... Nobody cares anyway. Spell it however you want, create your own narrative! If the language doesn't suit you, make it fit YOU! That's the way of the navel-gazing individualist. MY FUN ABOVE ALL. ;) 


Related: 

22 octobre 2012

Artfilm Visibility (Festivals)


Mistaking the festival circuit (pre-commercial showroom for professionals) with the regular commercial distribution (in arthouses or multiplexes with several shows a day, 7 days a week)


There are too many movie reviewer smartasses who believe that the festival circuit has become the viable alternative to artfilm distribution... (especially in the pages of Sight & Sound, Film Comment or the NYT! But Kristin Thompson also professes such agenda). They are in total denial about the derelict state of the arthouse circuit in their respective country, fatalistic about the immuable situation (the arthouse circuit represents less than 1% of all ticket sales and it is humanly impossible to do any better than that, ever), and imagine that with the sprawling development of more and more mini second-hand festivals the future of artfilms is brighter than ever. Well I'm sorry to say, but this is demented!

The above chart shows the number of seats made available for a given film, according to the size of its distribution, and compared with the equivalent in festival screenings.

A few remarks first. These numbers indicate the maximal number of seats offered to the public (in normal commercial exhibition) for one film projected in theatre on an invariant number of screen(s), which implies that the theatre(s) function at full capacity on a period of 2 months. They are compared with an hypothetical run of the same film on the festival circuit, assuming that film gets picked up by a new festival every week of that period (which is wishful thinking).
I used rough numbers, just to get a ballpark idea of the huge gap that widens every week depending on the range of distribution proposed. 
Thus for a festival screening I used an average of 500 seats per screening, counting 2 screenings per festivals (the major festivals may give certain films an auditorium of up to 3000 seats twice, but smaller festivals will only open a 100 seaters once). Festivals are attended by an avid crowd so we may assume that every screening is fully booked (which is not the case for every title though).
For the arthouse circuit I opted for a typical arthouse with an average of 200 seats (which may vary depending on the location in a megapole or in low density urban area), and an average of 5 shows a day, 7 days a week. Assuming that the title runs for 8 weeks in a row (which is extremely rare for an artfilm, which is usually dropped after the second week). When a film takes a long time to be picked up by a distributor, and only opens on a handful of theatres, the potential audience is anticiating and rushes in, knowing the occassion to see it on the big screen will not happen again soon, so we may assume a fully booked theatre for the first week at least. Then the attendance dwindles down over the 2 months period (and few films manage to stay on that long in the real world!). This is just a rough simulation. The average filling of seats is usually 15% in France, maybe a little more in the USA, scarcity of screenings making potential viewers more eager, and the general attendance rate per capita (5 films per year per inhabitant, however less than 1% of the screens nationwide are arthouses, so the rate is mostly inflated by the high attendance of multiplex goers) is also higher than in France (3 films per year per inhabitant).
As a comparative, I've also added the typical distribution in multiplexes for a mainstream movie, from 1000 screens for commercial movie with low expectations and up to 4000 screens for a tentpole blockbuster. A multiplex offers bigger auditorium, so I counted an average of 300 seats, and more shows per day (6). The attendance in a multiplex is expected to be fully booked for the opening weekend (4 days) even with such a plethoric number of venues, and shall dwindle down also, but probably at a slower rate than in the arthouse circuit. So the average filling of seats over 2 months is higher (around 30% I believe).

This distribution system corresponds to a market like the USA, with a commercial exhibition that ranges from 1 screening once for an unpopular artfilm, up to 4000 screens nationwide (10% of all screens available) per week for a blockbuster. In France the scale is somewhere between 5 or 7 times smaller, the blockbuster status starts at 800 screens nationwide.

You can see that a small arthouse (1 screen/200 seats/5 shows a day) can match a festival venue (1 screen/500 seats) in only 1 day, in one week that single arthouse shows that film to as many spectators as 7 festivals, while a film can hardly show in more than 1 festival per week. In 2 weeks, before being ousted out by an impatient theatre programmer, it matches up to a run in 14 festivals, and this is a shameful distribution to open a film on only 1 screen nationwide, it should never happen (unless it is an extremely inaccessible piece of experimental cinema only targeted at gallery visitors). In an hypothetical run of 2 months, this dreadful distribution corresponds to a run in 56 festivals, which is more than what the average artfilm would hope to be invited to (excepting the few festival darlings that every festival wants to line up).
Only 1 miserable screen for an entire country (be it Luxembourg or the USA) is absolutely dreadful and an insult to cinema, no matter how bad the film is, every film should be given a decent chance to meet an audience, and this is obviously not the way.

With a release on 6 screens nationwide (still a dreary distribution, even for a bad artfilm), at the end of a 2 months run, it would have offered as many seats as 300 festivals!!! How could the festival circuit ever replace a commercial distribution??? Not a single film gets lined up 300 times in the same country, provided the country has that many festivals willing to arbor it (many local festivals are genre or format exclusive). Here we need to balance out the higher attendance rate of a festival screenings (once or twice per city) and the much lower attendance in arthouses for a simultaneous nationwide release. Even with this consideration in mind, any decent arthouse circuit distribution (at least 30 screens) would offer a wider audience than the maximum number of festivals a film could get! 
In France a low artfilm distribution is between 15 and 30 screens, a good distribution is at least 90 screens, and a very popular artfilm may get up to 400 screens, half of the blockbuster level a mass-appeal mainstream genre film gets. In the USA, very few artfilms get more than 30 screens nationwide... and most of what they consider "artfilms" are actually mainstream foreign titles. A once in a blue moon success such as The Artist, supported by the Oscars, reached 1500 screens (a 1/3rd of the blockbuster level) after 15 weeks of struggling "limited release"! This is an exception that doesn't happen every year. Even the so-called American-made "indies" (quite conventional and mainstream in taste) are often restricted to the "limited release" too... There is a stronghold of the 6 major studios on what gets shown to the American public, making constraining deals with exhibitors, in spite of the anti-trust law.


Pretending that it's OK to show any film on only 1 screen (and in this case, it's never for a 2 months period, more like only 1 week and ciao) is an irresponsible thought for a movie reviewer, worse if that reviewer is holding a statement in prints! Every sensible critic, even any mere journalist, should feel outraged by it, and see it as big enough an anomaly to mention it in the review! or better to fucking COMPLAIN about it (in print) to the lazy distributor, the mercantile exhibitors, or more generally to a flawed system... until such recriminations become a public debate at the national level and things start to be taken into consideration for changes and improvements!!!
Why none of this happen in countries where artfilm distribution is struggling? Do they not care at all about how many of their fellow countrymen will get the option to see that film?
Even the great artfilms do not raise such legit concerns... Look at the underexposition of masterpieces (featured in the S&S top10 poll of all time), best films of the year, films awarded at major festivals, critically acclaimed films, or even films nominated at the fucking Oscars! If it's not PG-13, it DOES NOT GET a normal wide distribution. Period. This is bullshit! The USA is a society where culture for the masses is regulated by the moral limitations of a 13 yold. And when I say "masses", I mean the ENTIRE POPULATION minus the happy few living in a megapole where the film was shown for a week... This is a serious concern. Don't you think the press should make it its duty to report this injustice, and campaign actively until something change in the fabric of this corrput system? 
Yeah, it happens when there are actual cinephiles working in the press, as distributors and exhibitors, instead of fucking individualist bastards who would rather make money on a trite half-baked flick than to give its chance in the sun to precious little gems that everybody should and must see. But, what do you expect from selfish reviewers who work for the promotion of the officially approved slate of weekly titles, and don't care about the visibility of the films for everyone else once they saw it themselves (on a free DVD screener delivered to them on a silver platter). Complacency breeds hegemony of the lowest common denominator, and the momentum is too heavy to overturn when nobody stands up against it.

How many national festivals will it take for an artfilm to be accessible to 1% of the population? How many years will it take for a film to screen in that many festivals?
With 50 screens during 2 months (a limited release in selected cities) a film could offer 3 million seats, which would be an accessibility to only 1% of the USA population with theatres running at full capacity! Any less than that and we fall under the symbolic 1%. And most artfilms in the USA, especially foreign imports (which includes mainstream genre movies that get near blockbuster status in their country of origin), never get even 50 screens for 2 months...
A blockbuster takes less than 2 months with fully booked theatres to become accessible to 100% of the USA population (in numbers, not necessarily in proximity and affordability)!
I'm not contesting the difference of scale between a blockbuster distribution and an "elitist" artfilm distribution... But why must the gap be so tragically huge? This is the question that never keeps movie reviewers awake at night, because they never wonder why, they don't care wherever the wind blows as long as they are paid to promote the standard marketing talking points. 
There is no mystery, if the arthouse system is in dire straits, it's because NOBODY fights for it. You can't always blame the bad taste of the American population, sometimes, when you don't make challenging films AVAILABLE at all, the population doesn't even get the opportunity to reject or adopt them... 


Festivals play a key role in the life of an underexposed artfilm. Obviously. To signal its presence to reviewers who only ever watch foreign films (for example) or debut films at festivals, because they never go out of their way to hunt for these themselves (they stay at home and complain about how bad a job festival curators do). To generate a buzz among journalists. To give directors a pristine screening, and a platform for interviews, connection to distributors and even network for future films. 
But we can't ask festivals to do more than what they are meant for. A festival circuit, however vast and numerous, will never be able to replace a NORMAL COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION (not even the "limited release" of a niche "arthouse film")!!! And they only reach out to the same type of population : professional critics, filmmakers, curators and festival goers. Their opening to the more general public, and especially in rural areas and remote cities is very very limited. The general public is not concerned by the slates of film festivals.


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"[..] What Two Years At Sea suggests is that there is a chasm between a festival screening and a screening in a commercial cinema setting. Rivers' films failed to come...... when it was released into a competitive market festival a few months after the 2011 London film Festival. Various factors can be called into mitigation, including the increasingly saturated market place, weak scheduling and the non-conventional narrative [..]
When it comes to Two Years At Sea, The Arbor, Las Acasias, Snowtown, Samson & Delilah, and other titles that constitute a commercial risk - but whose festival success suggests that they have a currency - surely there's room for an initiative that allows films to screen without exposing them to rigorous commercial expectations that many of them cannot possibly hope to fulfill? Where festivals do differ from standard exhibition practice is that films are pretty much presented on a relatively even keel. Once a 'niche' title readers the general marketplace, however, it cannot hope to compete with the mainstream in terms of advertising spend and publicity, yet it will be judged over the same three-days box-office performance. [..]"
A Haven for Art Films (David Locke; Sight&Sound; Nov 2012)
There is already a sheltered alternative to "standard exhibition practice" with "commercial risk"... it's called the "arthouse circuit" ! This is where "artfilms", films will small-audience-appeal and low commercial potential can be projected for longer than an opening weekend, or 2 weeks at best. They can stay on for weeks, where the cinéphile crowd can discover them on the long run, without the costly marketing brainwashing. But when you let your arthouse circuit die out... obviously, you believe that there is only festivals left standing to fulfill the commercial role of an arthouse. And this is bullshit! First it's misjudging the situation and the economy of the system, secondly it's proposing a bandaid for a wooden leg...
Why should "artfilms" be relegated to roaming aimlessly from festival to festival, like free-samples at an agriculture fair, just because expensive mainstream crap holds a monopoly of ALL screens available?

Two Years at Sea is labeled "experimental", although its only a realistic documentary (since when people need a special effort to look at life as it exists in the real world???), the other titles mentionned are merely "artfilms", they are not mass-appeal by any means, but anybody could watch them provided they are the least open-minded, and not totally conditionned by the pre-digested blockbuster culture... These films could and should get easily 50 screens in a country the size of the UK, 200 in the USA, because they are beautiful, worth discovering and most importantly a prime alternative choice to the monotonous offering of mass-appeal entertainment.
We do not expect art films to get a blockbuster treatment anytime soon! Although an import like A Separation reached 1 million spectators in France last year!!! But on the other hand, there is a VITAL MINIMUM of screens that any films must get in order to enter public conversation. 

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14 octobre 2012

Movies History According to the USA


If you can spell "neo" and "new wave", namedrop "Spielberg", "Scorsese", "Coppola", "Tarantino", "PTA", "JLG", if you hate the intellectual elite and indulge in your own personal guilty pleasures, if you can make favourite lists and rate movies with a percentage, you're ready to publish in the NYT or Film Comment or any film page in the USA. Don't bother learning cinema history, or how to think critically cause you'll never have to defend your choices or refer to anything else beyond "Neorealism" and "The New Wave"... Make sure to regularly bash anything going on outside of the USA, like film festivals, festival films, and find everything non-Hollywood boring and slow. Don't read the foreign press, and stay at home watching TV instead of saving your arthouse circuit.
The hardest part is probably to synopsize movies every week without ever dealing with "Cinema" material, only treating each title as pure subjective entertainment, but many succeed, it is doable. Never use the word "Cinema", too elitist. Finally, if you see anybody attempt to open a debate about serious issues, make sure to shut it down right away, with raucous contempt and an air of desperate fatigue. Remember your target readership is the 13-to-24 yold spectacle consumer. Even the 24 yolds aren't adult, they're just regressive adulescents, so keep it simple and fun oriented. If it isn't fun reading, then how else could culture be possibly worth reading???

Hollywood has a short memory, they prefer we forget they made bad movies in the past, or not remember the ones they try to remake today (to get us to pay again for something that didn't work the last time). Sure, Hollywood is focused on making profits TODAY. Why should they care if silent films that are not restored are being lost for ever? These are not profitable items! So why bother? Even old Hollywood classics, aren't screened, or restored, or digitized today, because it would add low-profit titles into an already long list of yearly releases. The Hollywood motto is to save ALL commercial screens available for whatever the big studios put out NOW, so they can rack up the optimum opening weekend gross (take the money and run before the first viewers tell others how disappointing it was and ruin the buzz).

If we could understand the financial logic of selfish Hollywood (although a studio should also care about its past culture, or the cinema culture in general, selflessly, at least for a small part), it's harder to understand why movie reviewers would share the exact same imperatives as studio executives... American movie reviewers only care for whatever the American distribution market (i.e. Hollywood) feeds them. They only care for HERE AND NOW. They dread showing interest for something out of fashion already (like last week's release), and are bored by courageous artfilms that don't make B.O. money... If there is no stars, no fun, no surprising plot twists, no exciting edits... they don't care enough to make an effort, and shout it out loudly to show how demanding is the consumer. 



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11 octobre 2012

David Lynch philosophiquement (France Culture)

Philosopher avec David Lynch
(Adèle Van Reeth; Les nouveaux chemins de la connaissance; France Culture; 8-11 oct 2012)


1. Cinéaste de l'âme et du corps (8 oct 2012) [MP3] 58'
Avec : Mathieu Potte-Bonneville, professeur de philosophie
Demain, David Roche viendra questionner ce qu’il reste de l’identité quand la subjectivité se brise en éclats de matière, à partir notamment de Lost Highway et de Mullolhand Drive ; mercredi, le philosophe Eric Dufour s’interrogera sur l’expérience d’une temporalité non linéaire propre au rêve et au cauchemar dans les films de Lynch, et jeudi, c’est Pacôme Thiellement qui aidera à penser les vices et vertus de la culture américaine et de la fin de la télévision à partir de la série  et du film Twin peaks. Mais pour commencer cette semaine, c’est le philosophe Mathieu Potte-Bonneville qui vient réfléchir au problème de l’union entre l’âme et le corps à partir de l’univers fictionnel donc bien réel d’un cinéaste qui fait du point de vacillement entre la réalité et le rêve la meilleure façon de penser le réel.
Bibliographie :
  • Méditations métaphysiques, objections et réponses suivies de quatre lettres (René Descartes)
  • L'Ethique (Spinoza)
  • Elephant Man (Frederick Treves; 2012)
  • Extrait de Conférences de Borges (1985)

* * * 

2. Identité et subjectivité (9 oct 2012) [MP3] 58'
Avec : David Roche, philosophe, maître de conférences à l'Université de Bourgogne
Deuxième temps aujourd’hui de notre semaine consacrée  la pensée en mouvement de David Lynch. Après le dédoublement de l’âme et du corps  hier lundi, avant l’implosion du temps en une spirale linéaire, demain mercredi, et la folie de Twin Peaks, jeudi, c’est aujourd’hui en compagnie de David Roche que nous allons réfléchir à l’univers lynchéen à partir de la question de l’identité des personnages, et le décalage entre ce qu’ils sont, ce qu’ils rêvent d’être, ce qu’ils n’arrivent pas être, et le récit fragmentaire et sinueux qui en résulte. A l’affût de signes et indices, le spectateur se fait détective et tente de construire un récit à partir de ce qui n’est peut-être, que la narration d’une subjectivité éclatée.
Bibliographie :
  • L'imagination malsaine (David Roche; 2008)
  • David Lynch (Thierry Jousse; 2012)
  • David Lynch: entretien avec Chris Rodley 
  • David Lynch (Chris Rodley; 2012)
  • Paul Ricoeur, temps et récit (1985)

* * * 

3. Le temps d'un cauchemar (10 oct 2012) [MP3] 58'
Avec : Eric Dufour, agrégé de philosophie
Dans le monde de David Lynch, le temps se répète mais ne ressemble pas,  dans l’univers des Nouveaux chemins, les émissions s’enchainent mais ne se répètent pas, après Mathieu Potte-Bonneville, venu lundi nous parler de l’âme et du corps dans les films de Lynch, David Roche qui hier a tenté de recoller les morceaux de l’identité éclatée dans Lost Highway, avant Pacôme Thiellement qui demain s’affolera autour de Twin Peaks, c’est aujourd’hui le philosophe Eric Dufour qui vient nous montrer comme la matière, le temps et l’image sont au service d’une esthétique de l’horreur chez  David Lynch.
            C’est parce qu’il est fait de matière, d’image et de temps que le cinéma peut faire jaillir l’horreur non pas seulement à l’écran, mais en nous, en estompant, par endroit seulement, la limite qui sépare le rêve de la réalité. Quel est ce monde qui nous effraie et qui ne ressemble pas au nôtre, sans lui être totalement étranger? C’est un cauchemar, entendez, c’est un film de David Lynch. Pensez au visage du clochard dans Mulholland drive qui, en une demi-seconde d’apparition à l’écran, marque durablement notre mémoire. Rappelez-vous l’angoisse suscitée par un couloir obscur dans lequel le personnage, tout simplement disparaît.
            Apparition et disparition, la ligne du temps, chez Lynch, se brise et se mord la queue en une circularité insoutenable, le mal est un virus qui se propage dans le sang et les rouge à lèvres et l’espace s’éventre au sein de l’image, tel un visage dont la banalité devient soudain effrayante.
            C’est en jouant avec les limites du réel que Lynch crée l’horreur. Le rêve n’est pas le contraire de la réalité, le virtuel ne s’oppose pas au réel, nous dit Bergson, et Lynch joue de cette continuité pour rendre fou, en noyant la banalité du réel au milieu de fantasmes éveillés.     Apprendre à regarder la texture de la matière pour se résigner à l’inexistence du présent : le cinéma de Lynch fait du rêve le pire ennemi de la conscience.
Bibliographie :
  • David Lynch : Matière, temps et image (Eric Dufour; 2008)
  • David Lynch: entretien avec Chris Rodley (2012)
  • David Lynch (Thierry Jousse; 2012)

* * * 

4. Twin Peaks, vices et vertus de l’ Amérique (11 oct 2012) [MP3] 58'
Avec : Pacôme Thiellement, écrivain et vidéaste
Dernier temps aujourd’hui de notre semaine autour de la pensée en images et en mouvement de David Lynch. Après le dédoublement de l’âme et du corps avec Mathieu Potte-Bonneville, lundi, l’identité éclatée avec David Roche, mardi et le cauchemar virtuel mais bien réel hier mercredi avec Eric Dufour, c’est aujourd’hui Pacôme Thiellement qui vient nous immerger dans l’univers mythique et mythologique de la série télévisée Twin Peaks.

Diffusée pour la première fois aux Etats-Unis le 8 avril 1990, la série Twin Peaks est l’occasion pour David Lynch d’explorer sur la durée les thèmes et procédés qu’il avait mis en œuvre dans ses précédents films. Cette série est une véritable saga, qui joue avec les codes du soap opéra à merveilles et sait trouver le ton juste en maintenant cet écart subtil avec la normalité qui fait tout le sel des personnages lynchéens.  Difficile de croire que les contraintes propres au petit écran - : affadissement des couleurs, écrasement de l’espace et perte de la qualité du son – n’aient pas dénaturé le travail du réalisateur. Mais c’est la sans doute la clé du succès non démenti depuis 20 ans de cette série : avoir brillamment mené la rencontre 30 épisodes durant entre  l’univers absurde, onirique et angoissant du réalisateur et la logique industrielle des images.
            Mais comment comprendre que, deux ans plus tard, lorsque Lynch s’attelle à la réalisation d’un film à partir de cette série, Fire WalkWith Me, il choisisse pour scène d’ouverture de montrer la destruction d’un tube cathodique, comme pour figurer la séparation nette de son travail et du petit écran ? tout comme le reflet dans le miroir qui montre parfois un autre personnage que celui qui se regarde, Lynch se serait-il pris au piège d’un poste qui l’aurait happé pour mieux l’en éjecter, mais sous une autre forme ?
Bibliographie :
  • La main gauche de David Lynch (Pacôme Thiellement; 2010)
  • David Lynch: entretien avec Chris Rodley (2012)
  • David Lynch (Thierry Jousse; 2012)
  • Ennéades traité 51, traduction de Laurent Lavaud (Plotin)
  • Conférences, traduction Françoise Rosset (Jorge Luis Borgès)



Related :

07 octobre 2012

Inaccessible Hollywood movie narrations...


Hollywood viewing user guide for David Bordwell :
  1. How the Hollywood plot is presented is as important as what is presented, hopefully...  (eg. Princess Bride; The Social Network; Sunset Blvd.; The Rope; The Lady in the Lake, Cloud Atlas...)
  2. Often we’ll have to go outside the Hollywood movie, for proper untempered context, to understand its plot "based on a true story" (eg. Pearl Harbor; J. Edgar; Gone With the Wind; Birth of a Nation...)
  3. Be prepared to fill in a lot. And expect occasionally to be wrong. Twist ending much? (eg. M. Night Shyamalan; Usual Suspects; Sunset Boulevard; Vertigo; Citizen Kane; The Hulk; Contact; Sphere; Predators; Prometheus; Hulk; The Adjustment Bureau; Moon; Body of Lies; The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo; Knowing; Ghost Ship; The Prestige; V for Vendetta; The Game; Minority Report; Chinatown; Psycho; Fight Club; The Night of the Hunter...)
  4. A lot of Hollywood movie exposition can be left to the imagination, because it's useless or intentionally misleading in order to forge a mystery (eg. V for Vendetta; Contagion; Children of Men...)
  5. Be ready to register Hollywood space as space (eg. John Ford, Hitchcock, Enemy of the State; Jason Bourne; Inception; Panic Room; The Rope; Wall-E...)
  6. While mainstream films tend to reinforce first impressions, some Hollywood movies will nuance or even negate them (eg. Usual Suspects; The Dark Knight; I, Robot; Pirates of the Carribeans; Despicable Me; Salt; Rio Bravo; Black Narcissus...)
  7. Hollywood movies will use stylistic foreshadowing (i.e. Mannerism), often in place of the dramatic sort (eg. Domino; Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time; Kick-Ass; Speed Racer; The Red Shoes; Sin City; 300; Schindler's List...)
  8. The Hollywood character is revealed –or kept under wraps– through routines (eg. The Truman Show; Zodiac; Se7en; A Serious Man; The Matchsticks Men; Forrest Gump...)
  9. Instead of who done it? we ask what are Hollywood characters doing? (eg. Zodiac; Ocean's Eleven; Mr and Mrs Smith; The Taking of Pelham 123; Unstoppable; Mission Impossible; Armageddon; Liar liar; The invention of lying; Rio Bravo; 12 Angry Men, Cast Away...)
  10. A Hollywood movie  may give us nascent conflicts but never develop them, or pay them off, but unlike art films, it's not for gravitas, but out of screenwriting incompetency (so many! eg. Prometheus; The Island; The Rise of the Planet of the Apes; Casablanca...); TV series cliff-hanger
  11. Parallels matter more than causality in many Hollywood movies (eg. "network narrative" movies...); TV series
  12. Patience, please (eg. Wall-E; Children of Men; Redacted; There Will Be Blood; North By Northwest; Up; The Shawshank Redemption; Papillon; Drive...)
  13. Some Hollywood movies are quite laconic, in the sense that they babble a lot to say nothing interesting.  (eg. so many...)
  14. Life as one damn thing after another, not necessarily one damn thing because of another (eg. Prometheus; Forrest Gump; The Truman Show; Lawrence of Arabia [UK]...)
  15. We must often watch Hollywood movies twice (or more) to appreciate them fully  (eg. Inception; The Sixth Sense...)
  16. Art films tend to tell you important story points less than three times; Hollywood movies, more often (eg. Groundhog Day; Source Code; Déjà-vu...)
  17. Hollywood movies will sometimes heighten our awareness of both ordinary life and the conventions of art. "Intensified continuity" much? (eg. Ratatouille; Domino; Jason Bourne; The Matrix; The Blair Witch Project; Cloverfield; Dark City; Panic Room; Hugo; Snake Eye; Douglas Sirk; Jackass; Stranger Than Fiction; Singin' in the Rain; TV serie "24"...)
  18. There will always be some Hollywood images, sounds, or scenes that resist easy sense-making, not because they are too clever but because they are too dumb. Red herring much? (eg. Prometheus; Contact; Sphere; The Abyss; Kiss Me Deadly; Cloverfield; Citizen Kane...)
Source of the parody : How to watch an art movie, reel 1 (David Bordwell; 26 August 2012) on Sueño y silencio (2012)


So easy to make up rules that somehow only applies to "artfilms", to make them look more inaccessible than whatever Hollywood has ever produced, so that the audience will continue to believe "artfilms" are for the elite, and are too complicated for the regular spectator... While in fact, these random, arbitrary rules apply just the same to the typical Hollywood movie. It's just a matter of bias. When you try hard enough to paint something in a black versus white mentality, you eventually find contradictions, in appearance (but not necessarily characteristic of an antagonistic perception) to show the kind of cinema you defend (or are more familiar with) in a bright light, and contrast it with its polar opposite. 
There are differences between how Hollywood fabricates its narratives (by the number, safely, by copying the past, by stealing ideas abroad) and how a more independent mind strives to generate an original story outside of any commercial imperatives (what Bordwell conveniently labels The "art cinema tradition"). But I didn't find these particular points were especially telling, because Hollywood could use these narrative tactics too (just not as well as art films most of the time). 
This idea of a manichaean opposition between how the spectator perceives a Hollywood movie or an artfilm is quite archaic... A Hollywood moviegoer may just as well watch an artfilm with the general viewing conventions learnt in Hollywood movies! Being averse to acquired taste, subtlety, nuances, depth, stylistic flourish, patience, intellectual food, delayed pleasure, poetry... only means having bad taste and being culturally complacent. It doesn't mean that Hollywood spectators are incapable to discover art cinema because they treat their narrative strategies with more care and respect...


Related : 

30 septembre 2012

Nuances in "Art Cinema" History


Because there is no such thing as ONE SINGLE MONOLITHIC BLOB called the "Art Cinema Tradition"!

Some of the genres, film movements, film styles, schools in cinema history (1895-2012) :

3D Cinema (USA) 1952- [timeline]
[Norman McLaren, Alfred Hitchcock, André De Toth, Jack Arnold, Paul Morrissey, Richard Fleischer, Stephen Low, Graeme Ferguson, James Cameron, Jean-Jacques Annaud, Ben Stassen, Robert Rodriguez, Bob Peterson, Steven Spielberg]

American Independent Cinema First Wave (USA) 1968?
[Stan Brakhage, John Cassavetes, Roger Corman, Jonas Mekas, Russ Meyer, George Kuchar, George Romero, Andy Warhol, John Waters, Frederick Wiseman]

ANIMATION (World) 1905-
[Segundo de Chomon, John Stuart Blackton, Emile Cohl, Lotte Reiniger, Noburo Ofuji, Robert Lapoujade, Enest & Gisèle Ansorge, Eliott Noyes, Ishu Patel, Norman McLaren, Jan Werkmajer, Ladislas Starevitch, Jean Painlevé, Jiri Trnka]

Anime (Japan) 1960-
[Osamu Tezuka, Yoshiyuki Tomino, Hayao Miyazaki, Toshiro Kawamoto,  Katsuhiro Otomo, Mamoru Oshii, Satoshi Kon, Hideaki Anno]

Australian Film Revival / Australian Film Renaissance / Australian New Wave (Australia) 1971-1989 = 18 years
[Peter Weir, George Miller, Bruce Beresford, Gillian Armstrong, Ken Hannam, Fred Schepisi, Phillip Noyce, Tim Burstall, John Duigan, Brian Trenchard-Smith]

B Picture (USA) 1960-50 = 10 years
[Edgar George Ulmer, Joseph H. Lewis, Ted Tetzlaff, Allan Dwan, Don Weis, Jack Arnold, Jacques Tourneur, Nathan Juran]

BAROQUE 1954-
[Dario Argento, Raul Ruiz, Robert Aldrich, James Cameron] critic : Jean Rousset

Berliner Schule (Germany) 2000-
[Thomas Arslan, Christian Petzold, Angela Schanelec, Valeska Grisebach, Benjamin Heisenberg, Christoph Hochhäusler, Ulrich Köhler, Jan Krüger, Henner Winckler, Maren Ade, Sylke Enders, Maria Speth, Nicolas Wackerbarth, Henrike Goetz, Soeren Voigt, Matthias Luthardt, Ayse Polat, Stefan Krohmer]

Blaxploitation (USA) 1971-79 = 9 years
[Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, Kyle Onstott, Jack Hill, Jack Arnold, William Girdler, William Crain, Sidney Poitier, Oscar Williams, Michael Schultz, Sam O'Steen, Larry Cohen]

BLOCKBUSTER 1972-
[Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Jerry Bruckheimer, Michael Bay, James Cameron]

Bollywood (India) 1970-
[Ashutosh Gowariker, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Mani Ratnam, Rakesh Mehta, Mira Nair, Chadha, A. Khan, Dutta, Karan Johar, Aditya Chopra, Rakesh Roshan]

Brighton School (UK) 1898-1904 = 6 years
[George Albert Smith, James A. Williamson]

British Social Realism (UK)
[John Boorman, Ken Loach, Joseph Losey, Nicholas Roeg, Ken Russell, Peter Watkins]

Budapest school / Documentarism (Hungary) 1969-1985 (1972-1984) = 16 years
[Dárday István, Szalai Györgyi, Ember Judit, Schiffer Pál, Tarr Béla, Gazdag Gyula, Elek Judit, Gyöngyössy Imre, Kabai Barna, Schiffer Pal, Darday Istvan, Vitezy Laszlo, Gyarmathy Livia, Gulyas Gyula, Gulyas Janos, Sandor Sara, Almasi Tamas, Istvan Gaal]

Burlesque 1910-29 = 19 years
[Max Linder, Fatty Arbuckle, Harry Langdon, Charles Chaplin, Mack Sennett, Harold Lloyd, Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy]

CARTOON (World) 1892-
[Emile Reynaud, John Stuart Blackton, Emile cohl, Winsor McCay, Walt Disney, Max&Dave Fleischer, Berthold Bartosch, Mickhail Tsekhanovski, Hector Hoppin, Anthony Gross, Chuck Jones, Tex Avery, William Hannah & Joseph Barbera, Norman McLaren, Paul Grimault, Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Walerian Borowczky, Wan Laiming, Ralph Bakshi, René Laloux, Youri Norstein, Jean-François Laguionie, Frédérick Back, Isho Takahata, Andrei Khrjanovski, Hayao Miyazaki, John Lasseter, Nick Park, Peter Lord, Brad Bird, Marjane Satrapi, Michel Ocelot, Sylvain Chomet]

Caligarism (Germany) 1920-27 = 17 years
[Karl Heinz Martin, Paul Wegener, Carl Boese, R. Wiene, Fritz Lang, F. W. Murnau, Paul Leni, G. W. Pabst, Karl Grüne, Lupu-Pick] critic : Henri Langlois, Lotte H. Eisner

Chambara / Jidaigeki / Samurai cinema (Japan) 1920s
[Daisuke Itō, Masahiro Makino]

Chanchada (Brazil) 1949-59 = 10 years
[Oscarito, Grande Otelo, Zezé Macedo, Zé Trindade]

Chaos Cinema (USA) 1999-
[Wachowski, Tom Twyker, Tony Scott, Paul Greengrass, Christopher Nolan, Jaume Balagueró, Darren Aronofsky, Marc Forster, Kathryn Bigelow, Michael Bay] Critic : Matthias Stork

Cinema da Boca do Lixo / Mouth of Garbage Cinema (Brazil) 1960-70s
[Carlos Reichenbach, Luiz Castelini, Alfredo Sternheim, Juan Bajon, Cláudio Cunha, Walter Hugo Khouri, Fauzi Mansur, José Mojica Marins] critic : Rogério Sganzerla

Cinema djidid / Algerian New wave (Algeria) 1967-
[Mohamed Bouamari, M. Lakhdar Hamina]

Cinema du look (France) 1981-1991 = 10 years
[Jean-Jacques Benex, Luc Besson, Leos Carax]

Cinéma du Québec libre (Québec/Canada) 1963-1980 = 17 years
[Gilles Groulx, Michel Brault, Arthur Lamothe, Pierre Perrault, Claude Jutra, Gilles Carle, Jean-Pierre Lefebvre, Denys Arcand, Francis Mankiewicz, André Forcier, Jean Beaudin]

Cinema Nôvo (Brazil) 1962-72 = 10 years
[Glauber Rocha, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Carlos Diegues, Joaquim Pedro de Andrad, Linduarte Noronha, Ruy Guerra, Leon Hirszman]

Cinema of Transgression (USA) 1984-1990 = 6 years
[Nick Zedd, Kembra Pfahler, Casandra Stark, Beth B, Tommy Turner, Richard Kern and Lydia Lunch]

Cinéma Pur / Absolute Film / Integral Cinema (France) 1924-29 = 5 years
[René Clair, Fernand Léger, Hans Richter, Viking Eggeling, Germaine Dulac,  Man Ray] critique : Henri Chomette

Cinéma-vérité (France) / Direct Cinema (UK) 1959-
[Jean Rouch, Edgar Morin, Mario Ruspoli, Robert Drew, Richard Leacock, Michel Brault, Pierre Perrault, Chris Marker]

La Cinematografia Futurista / Italian Futurism (Italy) 1909-
[Arnaldo Ginna, Bruno Corra, Marinetti, Balla Chiti, Setimelli, Anton Bragaglia] critique : Canudo, Anton Bragaglia, Verdone, Dziga Vertov, Alberta

Cinématographe (France) 1950-1983 = 33 years
[Robert Bresson] critique: Robert Bresson

Classic Hollywood (USA)
[Frank Capra, Michael Curtiz, Victor Fleming, John Ford, Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, John Huston, Ernst Lubitsch, Anthony Mann, Nicholas Ray, Preston Sturges, Raoul Walsh, Orson Welles, Billy Wilder, William Wyler]

Comédie burlesque (Mexico) 1936-58 = 22 years
[Cantinflas, Tin Tan]

Comédie de mœurs (Mexico) 1936-58 = 22 years
[Pedro Infante]

Dadaïsme (Germany, USA, France) 1916-1925 = 9 years
[René Clair, Tristan Tzara, Kurt Schwitters, Man Ray, Fernand Léger, Hans Richter] critique : Gianni Rondolino, George Sadoul

COMEDY 1913-
[Ernst Lubitsch, Howard Hawks, George Cukor, Sacha Guitry, Alexander Medvekine, Marcel Pagnol, Frank Capra, Luis Garcia Berlanga, Frank Tashlin, Billy Wilder, Dino Risi, Mario Monicelli, Otar Iosselani, Woody Allen, Ettore Scola, Blake Edwards, Roberto Begnini]

dGeneration (China) 2009-
[Huang Weikai, Zhao Dayong, Du Haibing, Xu Tong, Li Ning, Xu Xin]

Digital Cinema (USA) 1999-
[Michael Mann, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, David Lynch, James Cameron, George Lucas, John Lasseter]

DOCUMENTARY (World) 1895-
[Lumière, Flaherty, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Jean Rouch, Agnès Varda, Johan Van der Keuken, Raymond Depardon, Claude Lanzmann, Frederik Wiseman, Errol Morris, Werner Herzog]

Divismo (Italy) 1913-20 = 7 years
[Mario Caserini, Alberto Degli Abbati, Baldassare Negroni, Nino Oxilia, Carmine Gallone, Gustavo Serena, Giovanni Pastrone, Giuseppe DeLiguoro, Roberto Roberti, Amaleto Palmeri]

Dogme 95 (Denmark) 1995-2002 = 7 years
[Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg, Kristian Levring, Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, Jean-Marc Barr]

Ecole Russe de Paris (France) 1920-37 = 17 years
[Viatcheslav Tourjansky, Ivan Mosjoukine, Alexander Volkoff, Jean Epstein, Marcel L'Herbier, René clair, Jacques Feyder, Jean Renoir, Anatole Litvak, Fedor Ozep, Victor Trivas]

Egyptian Golden Age (Egypt) 1940-52 = 12 years

Escuela de Cuzco (Peru) 1961-
[L. Figueroo, E. Nishiyama, C. Villanueva]

ESPIONNAGE (World) 1915-
[Henri Fescourt, Henri Pouctal, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, Alfred Hitchcock, George Wilhelm Pabst, Raymond Bernard, Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger, Anatole Litvak, King Vidor, Raoul Walsh, Billy Wilder, Henry Hathaway, Jacques Tourneur, William A. Wellman, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Samuel Fuller, Carol Reed, Alfred Weidenmann, Ronald Neame, Henri-Georges Clouzot, Robert Aldrich, Terence Young, Guy Hamilton, Phil Karlson, Stanley Donen, Martin Ritt, John Huston, Michel Deville, Roman Polanski, Martin Campbell, Roger Spottiswoode, Paul Greengrass, Sam Mendes]

ESSAI FILM (World) 1922-
[Benjamin Christensen, Jean Vigo, Luis Buñuel, Joris Ivens, Nicole Védrès, Pierre Braunberger, Georges Franju, Marc Allégret, Alain Resnais, Chris Marker, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Federico Fellini, Marcel Ophuls, Orson Welles, Luc Moullet, Agnès Varda, Wim Wenders, Louis Malle, Michael Moore, Robert Kramer, Jean-Luc Godard, Romain Goupil]

Fifth Generation (China) 1983-
[Chen Kaige, Tian Zhuangzhuang, Zhang Junzhao, Zhang Yimou]

Film Noir (USA) 1941-51 = 10 years
[John Huston, Edward Dmytryk, Fritz Lang, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, Michael Curtiz, Edgar G. Ulmer, Charles Vidor, Howard Hawks, Jacques Tourneur, Orson Welles, Robert Wise, Nicholas Ray, William Wyler, Robert Aldrich]

FILMED THEATRE 1907-
[Marcel Pagnol, Sacha guitry, Laurence Olivier, Orson Welles, Jean Cocteau, Max Ophüls, Alf Sjöberg, Elia Kazan, Joseph Mankiewicz, Serguei Youtkevitch, Grigori Kozintsev, Ariane Mouchkine, Jean-Marie Straub & Danièle Huillet, Manoel de Oliveira, Alain Resnais, Kenneth Branagh, Eugene Green]

Filmo Caligraffico (Italy) 1940-44 = 4 years
[Mario Soldati, M. Camerini, Luigi Chiarini, Renato Castellani, Fernandino M. Pogglio, Alberto Lattuda]

Films de Cangaceiro (Brazil) 1953-71 = 14 years

Found Footage Thriller (USA-Spain) 1980-
[Ruggero Deodato, Rémy Belvaux, Dean Alioto, Daniel Myrick, Eduardo Sánchez, Fred Vogel, Jaume Balagueró, Matt Reeves, Oren Peli]

Free Cinema (UK) 1952-1959 = 7 years
[Lindsay Anderson, Karel Reisz, Tony Richardson] critique : Alan Cooke, Richard Anderson, Gavin Lambert

Generation 56 (Czechozlovakia) 1956-
[V. Jasny, K. Kachyna, F. Vlacil]

German Expressionism (Germany) 1918-1926 (1920-1931) = 8 years
[Robert Wiene, Paul Wegener, Fritz Lang, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, Georg Wilhelm Pabst, Paul Leni, Arthur Robison] Critique : Lotte Eisner, Siegfried Kracauer

Giallo - Gore (USA-Italy) 1963-1992 = 29 years
[Mario Bava, Dario Argento, H.G. Lewis, Andy Milligan, David Graham, J.G. Patterson, Jesse Franco, Ruggero Deodato, Lucio Fulci, Umberto Lenzi, Joe D’Amato, G.A. Romero, Wes Craven]

Grierson School / Documentary Film Movement (UK) 1926-50 = 24 years
[John Grierson, Robert J. Flaherty, Basil Wright, Stuart Legg, Edgar Anstey, Arthur Elton, Alberto Cavalcanti, Harry Watt, David MacDonald, Humphrey Jennings, Stewart McAllister, Pat Jackson, John Eldrige]

Le Groupe des Cinq (Switzerland) 1969-1980 = 11 years
[Alain Tanner, Claude Goretta, Jean-Louis roy, Michel Soutter, Jean-Jacques Lagrange, Yves Yersin] critique : Freddy Buache, Michel Boujut, Christian Dimitriu

Grupo Cine Liberación (Argentina) 1962-1976 = 14 years
[Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getino, Gerardo Vallejo, grupo Realizadores de Mayo, Enrique and Nemesio Juárez, Pablo Szir]

Guerilla Film (World) 1971-?
[Melvin Van Peebles, Spike Lee, Gregg Araki, Darren Aronofsky, Shyam Madhavan Sarada, Albert Serra, Lisandro Alonso, Miguel Gomes, Raya Martin, Denis Côté, Rabah Ameur-Zaïmeche, Vincent Gallo, Harmony Korine, Josh & Benny Safdie, Bruce LaBruce, Valérie Massadian, Terutarô Osanaï, Alex Ross Perry, Alessandro Comodin, Djinn Carrénard]

Hammer films (UK) 1955-74 = 19 years
[Michael Carreras, Terence Fisher, Freddie Francis, Tudor Gates, John Gilling, Anthony Hinds, Jimmy Sangster, Peter Sasdy, Harry Robertso]

Hays Code (USA) 1934-66 = 32 years

Hong Kong New Wave (Hong Kong) 1979-
[John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, Tsui Hark, Ann Hui] Jackie Chan, Ching Siu-Tung, Ringo Lam, Johnny To, Tsui Hark, Wong Kar Wai, John Woo, Corey Yuen]

Impressionisme (France) 1919-1929 = 10 years
[Gance, L'Herbier, Dulac, Delluc, Epstein, Vigo]

Indie Film 2nd Wave (USA) 1990-
[Paul Thomas Anderson, Wes Anderson, Noah Baumbach, Joel and Ethan Coen, Todd Haynes, Jim Jarmusch, Spike Lee, Richard Linklater, Michael Moore, Alexander Payne, Steven Soderbergh, Quentin Tarantino, Gus Van Sant, Terry Zwigoff]

Internationale Situationiste (France) 1957-1962 = 5 years
[Guy-Ernest Debord, René Viénet, Gérard Cohen, Ngai Hong]

Iranian New Wave (Iran) 1968-
[Dariush Mehrjui, Abbas Kiarostami, Forough Farrokhzad, Majid Majidi, Mohsen Mahkmalbaf, Jafar Panahi, Samira Mahkmalbaf, Asghar Farhadi, Mohammad Rassoulof, Bahman Ghobadi, Rafi Pitts, Marzieh Meshkini, Reza Mir-Karimi, Hana Mahkmalbaf]

Italian neorealism (Italy) 1942-51-55 = 13 years
[Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica, Alberto Lattuada, Luigi Zampa, Aldo Vergano, Giuseppe De Santis, Luchino Visconti, Pietro Germi] Critiques: Cesare Zavattini, André Bazin, Freddy Buache

Italian New Wave (Italy) 1960-
[Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Gillo Pontecorvo, Francesco Rosi, Valerio Zurlini, Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Marco Ferreri, Paolo & Vittorio Taviani, Ettore Scola]

J-Horror (Japan) 1960-
[Kyoshi Kurosawa, Hideo Nakata, Takashi Miike, Masaki Kobayashi, Nobuo Nakagawa, Takashi Shimizu, Kaneto Shindo, Sion Sono, Shinya Tsukamoto]

Kammerspielfilm (Germany) 1921-1929 = 9 years
[Paul Leni, F.W. Murnau, Karl Grune, Lupu-Pick, Paul Czinner, G. W. Pabst, E. A. Dupont, Carl Boese, Bruno Rahn, J. May]

KINO (Canada-World) 1999-
[Christian Laurence]

Kino-Pravda (USSR) 1920ies
[Dziga Vertov, Elizaveta Svilova, Mikhail Kaufman]

Kitchen Sink Realism (UK) 1955-69 = 14 years
[Tony Richardson, Lindsay Anderson, Karel Reisz, Ken Loach, John Schlesinger, Jack Clayton] critique : Lindsay Anderson, Nina Hibbin, Andrew Higson

Kynikós kinimatográfo (Greece) 2005-
[Yorgos Lanthimos, Athina Rachel Tsangari]

Korean Hallyu (South Korea) 1997-
[Kang Je-gyu, Kwak Jae-yong, Kang Woo-suk, Kim Ji-woon, Bong Joon-Ho, Hong Sang-Soo, Kim Ki-Duk, Lee Chang-Dong, Park Chan-Wook]

Lettrisme (France) 1945-
[Isidore Isou (Jean-Isidore Goldstein), Maurice Lemaître, Guy Debord (Hurlements en faveur de Sade), Gil J. Wolman, François Dufrêne, Marc'O]

Louis & Auguste Lumière (France) 1895-1905 = 10 years

MANNERISM 1960-
[Brian De Palma, Jean-Pierre Melville, Sergio Leone]

Georges Méliès (France) 1896-1913 = 17 years

Mélodrame à tangos (Argentina) 1933-42 = 9 years
[Libertad Lamarque, Hugo Del Carnil]

Mockumentary 1933-
[Luis Buñuel, Richard Lester, Orson Welles, Rob Reiner, Woody Allen, Jim McBride, Eric Idle, Peter Jackson, Larry Charles] critique : Jane Roscoe, Craig Hight

Movida (Spain) 1980-
[Pedro Almodovar, Iván Zulueta, Fernando Trueba, Fernando Colomo]

Mumblecore (USA) 2001-
[Andrew Bujalski, Lynn Shelton, Aaron Katz, Mark Duplass, Jay Duplass, Joe Swanberg]

MUSICAL 1929-
[Harry Beaumont, LeRoy, Grigori Alexandrov, Ernst Lubitsch, Busby Berkeley, Vincente Minnelli, Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, George Cukor, Rouben Mamoulian, Jacques Demy, William Wyler]

Musical Carnavalesque (Brazil) 1933-37 = 4 years
[Carmen Miranda]

Narcocinema / Videohome (Mexico) 1980s
[Jorge Reynoso, José Luis Urquieta, Alfredo Gurrola, Rubén Galindo]

New Argentinian Cinema wave (Argentina) 1991-
[Fabian Bielinsky, Israel Adrián Caetano, Pablo Trapero, Carlos Sorin, Lucrecia Martel, Lisandro Alonso]

New Documentary Movement (China) 1990-
[Wu Wenguang, Wang Bing, Li Hong]

New French Extremity (France) 1998-
[François Ozon, Gaspar Noé, Catherine Breillat, Bruno Dumont, Claire Denis, Patrice Chereau, Bertrand Bonello, Marina de Van, Leos Carax, Philippe Grandrieux, Jean-Claude Brisseau, Jacques Nolot, Virginie Despentes, Coralie Trinh Thi, Alexandre Aja] Critic : James Quandt, Jonathan Romney

New Hollywood / American New Wave (USA) 1967-1982 = 15 years
[Francis Ford Coppola, Arthur Penn, Martin Scorsese, Roman Polanski, Peter Bogdanovich, Mike Nichols, Robert Altman, Hal Ashby, John Schlesinger, William Friedkin, Michael Cimino, Woody Allen, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Steven Spielberg]

New Queer Cinema (USA) 1991-
[Todd Haynes, Isaac Julien, Derek Jarman, Tom Kalin, Gregg Araki, Ang Lee, Bruce LaBruce, Gus Van Sant, John Cameron Mitchell] critic : B. Ruby Rich

New Sensitivity (Israel) 1971-
[Avraham Heffner. Ephraim Kishon, Moshé Mizrahi]

Nickelodeon (USA) 1905-13 = 8 years

No Wave Cinema / New Cinema (USA) 1976-1985 = 9 years
[Amos Poe, Vivienne Dick, John Lurie] critic : Marc Masters

Nollywood (Nigeria) 1992-
[Chris Obi Rapu, Chico Ejiro, Kingsley Ogoro, Zeb]

Nordestern (Brazil) 1925-96
[Tancredo Seabra, Abrao Benjamin, Fouad Anderas, Carlos Coimbra, Aurelio Teixeira, Paulo Gil Soares, Glauber Rocha, Carlos Mergulhao, Oswald de Oliveira, Eduardo Coutinho, Rosenberg Cariry, Lima Barreto, Paul Caldao, Lirio Ferreiro]


Noul val românesc / Romanian New Wave (Romania) 2004-
[Cristian Mungiu, Cristi Puiu, Cristian Nemescu, Cătălin Mitulescu, Radu Muntean, Corneliu Porumboiu]


La Nouvelle Vague (France) 1958-1963 = 5 years (1956-1965)
[Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette, Jean Rouch, Louis Malle, Jacques Doniol-Valcroze, Pierre Kast] critique : François Truffaut, JLG, Jean Douchet, Antoine de Baecque

Novo Cinema (Portugal) 1963-74 = 11 years
[Paulo Rocha, António de Macedo, Fernando Lopes, António da Cunha Telles, António Campos]

Nuevo Cine / Argentine New Wave (Argentina) 1959-
[F. Birri, L. Murua, M. Antin, D. J. Kohon, R. Magica]

Nuevo Cine Mexicano (Mexico) 1990-
[Arturo Ripstein, Alfonso Arau, Alfonso Cuarón, María Novaro, Guillermo del Toro, Jorge Fons, Antonio Serrano, Alejandro González Iñárritu, Carlos Carrera]

Nuberu Bagu / Japanese New Wave (Japan) 1956-1976 =  20 years
[Susumu Hani, Hiroshi Teshigahara, Yasuzo Masumura, Masahiro Shinoda, Nagisa Oshima, Shohei Imamura]

Oberhausen generation / German New Wave (Germany) 1961-1971 = 10 years
[Volker Schlöndorff, Peter Fleischmann, Alexandre Kluge, Ferdinant, Khittl, Herbert Vesely, Edgar Reitz, Christian Rischert, Franz Josef Spieker, Jean-Marie Straub, Theodor Kotulla, Werner Herzog, Rainer Werner Fassbinder]

Painted Film 1935-
[Len Lye, Norman McLaren, Stan Brakhage]

Parallel Cinema / Art Cinema / Indian New Wave (India) 1952-1976 = 24 years
[Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Bimal Roy, V. Shantaram, Chetan Anand, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shyam Benegal, Jahnu Barua, Bhabendra Nath Saikia]

Participatory cinema / Cinema 2.0 (World) 2006-
[Brett Gaylor, Matt Hanson, Nicolás Alcalá, Timo Vuorensola, Kevin Macdonald]

Peplum / Sword and Sandal (Italy) 1953-62 = 9 years
[Sergio Leone, Mario Bava]

Pinku eiga / Eroduction (Japan) 1962-82 = 20 years
Age of Competition / First Wave (Japan) 1962-71 = 9 years
[Satoru Kobayashi, Tetsuji Takechi, Seijun Suzuki, Kōji Wakamatsu, Kan Mukai, Kin'ya Ogawa, Shinya Yamamoto, Kan Mukai, Giichi Nishihara, Kōji Seki, Giichi Nishihara]
Roman Porno / Second Wave (Japan) 1971-82 = 11 years
[Teruo Ishii, Norifumi Suzuki,  Shunya Ito, Masaru Konuma, Tatsumi Kumashiro,  Noboru Tanaka, Yasuharu Hasebe]

Pluginmanifesto 2001-
[Jonathan Brann, Geert Wachtelaer] Critic : Ana Kronschnabl, Anna Notaro, mayoke, Simone Kurtzke

Poliziottesco / Italo-crime / Euro-crime / Italian crime films (Italy) 1968-1980
[Mario Bianchi, Alfonso Brescia, Enzo G. Castellari, Damiano Damiani, Alberto De Martino, Ruggero Deodato, Lucio Fulci, Marino Girolami, Romolo Girolami, Umberto Lenzi, Fernando Di Leo, Carlo Lizzani, Sergio Martino, Stelvio Massi, Giuliano Montaldo, Sergio Sollima, Duccio Tessari]

Polish School (Poland) 1955-1965 = 10 years
[Andrzej Wajda, Andrzej Munk, Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Wojciech Has]

Poliziottesco / Italo-crime / Euro-crime / Italian crime films (Italy) 1968-1980
[Mario Bianchi, Alfonso Brescia, Enzo G. Castellari, Damiano Damiani, Alberto De Martino, Ruggero Deodato, Lucio Fulci, Marino Girolami, Romolo Girolami, Umberto Lenzi, Fernando Di Leo, Carlo Lizzani, Sergio Martino, Stelvio Massi, Giuliano Montaldo, Sergio Sollima, Duccio Tessari]

POSTMODERN 1990-
[Joel & Ethan Coen, Tim Burton, Oliver Stone, Jean-Jacques Beinex, Luc Besson, Quentin Tarantino]

Prague Spring / Czechoslovak New Wave (Czechoslovakia) 1963-1968 = 5 years (1962-1971)
[Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Ivan Passer, Jan Svankmajer, Jiří Menzel, Frantisek Vlacil, Karel Kachyna, Jaromil Jireš, Jaroslav Papoušek, Jan Němec, Evald Schorm, Pavel Juracek, Jan Schmidt, Juraj Herz, Jiri Weiss, Jiri Krejcik, Zdenek Brynych, Vojtech Jasny, Hynek Bocan, Ladislav Rychman, Otakar Vavra, Zdenek Sirovy, Antonin Kachlik, Stanislas Milota]

Primitive Cinema (France-USA) 1895-1905 = 10 years
[Louis & Auguste Lumière; Thomas Edison; Georges Méliès; Edwin S. Porter; G.A. Smith; James Williamson; Feuillade]

Pure Film Movement (Japan) 1910-20s
[Eizō Tanaka, Masao Inoue, Thomas Kurihara, Kenji Mizoguchi]

Queercore (USA-UK) 1985-
[Kenneth Anger, Jack Smith, Andy Warhol, John Waters, Vivienne Dick, Derek Jarman] Critic : G.B. Jones, Bruce LaBruce

Ranchera Comedia (Mexico) 1936-58 = 22 years
[Tito Guizan, Jorge Negote]

Ranchero Melodrama (Mexico) 1943-64 = 21 years
[Dolorès del Rio, Mario Félix, Pédro Armen Doriz]

Réalisme Poétique (France) 1922-1957 (1954) = 35 years
[Marcel Carné, Jacques Feyder, Jean Renoir, Jean Gremillon, René Clair, Anatole Litvak, Julien Duvivier, Claude Autant-Lara, Roger Leenhardt, Yves Allégret, Marcel Pagliéro, René Wheeler, Jacques Becker, Max Ophüls, Pierre Chenal]

Réalisme Sociale (France-UK) 1955-
[André Cayatte, Paul Carpita, Maurice Pialat, Claude Miller, Luc & Jean-Pierre Dardennes, Ken Loach]

Remodernist Film (USA) 2004-
[Jesse Richards, Harris Smith, Peter Rinaldi]

Rive Gauche (France) 1950-63
[Marguerite Duras, Chris Marker, Alain Resnais, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Henri Colpi, Jacques Demy, Agnès Varda, Jean-Pierre Melville] critique :  Richard Roud

ROAD MOVIE 1969-
[Hall Bartlett, Dennis Hopper, Francis Ford Coppola, Bob Rafelson, Barba Loden, Monte Hellman, Wim Wenders, Jim Jarmusch, Terrence Malick, Michael Cimino, Agnès Varda, David Lynch, Aki Kaurismaki, Abbas Kiarostami, Walter Salles]

SCIENCE FICTION 1902-
[Georges Méliès, Fritz Lang, Y. Protozanov, Robert Wise, Byron Haskin, Inishiro Honda, Don Siegel, Richard Fleischer, Stanley Kubrick, George Lucas, Ridley Scott, Andrei Tarkovsky, John Carpenter]

SCIENTIFIC FILM 1897-
[Dr Eugène Louis Doyen, Dr Jean Comandon, Jean Painlevé]

Sixth Generation (China) 1990-
[Jia Zhangke, Lou Ye, Wang Xiaoshuai, Zhang Yuan, Li Yang, He Yong, He Jianjun]

Socialist Realism (USSR) 1934-53 = 19 years
[S. & G. Vassiliev, Friedrich Ermler, Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg, Efim Dzigan, Boris Barnet, Vladimir Legochine, Youli Raïzman, Alexandre Zarkhi, Yossif Kheïfts, Mikhaïl Romm, Mark Donskoi, Serguei Guerassimov, Alexandre Dovjenko, Lev Arnstam, Vsevolod Poudovkine, Mikhaïl Tchiaourelli, Adolf Minkin, Gerbert Rappaport, Sergeï Youtkevitch]

Soviet Montage (USSR) 1919-1930 = 11 years
[Dziga Vertov, S.M. Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Alexandr Dovjenko, Jacob Protazanov, Boris Barnet, Abraham Room, Lev Koulechov, Grigori Kozintsev] Critiques : S.M. Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Lev Koulechov

Soviet New Wave (USSR) 1962-68 = 6 years
[Andrei Tarkovsky, Mikhalkov-Kontchalovski, Paradjanov, Iosselani, Daniela, Klimov, Muratova, Panfilov]

Soviet Second New Wave (USSR) 1974-78 = 4 years
[Andrei Tarkovsky, Panfilov, Choukchine, Cheptiko, Guerman, Mikhalkov, Sokurov, Soloviev]

Soviet Parallel Cinema  / New New Wave (USSR) 1980ies
[Soloviev, Muratova, Sokurov, Kanevski, Longuine, Omirbaev, Karakulov, Lapouchanski, Pitchoul, Amirkoulov, Dykhovitchni]

Spaghetti Western (Italy) 1958-80 = 22 years
[Sergio Leone, Jesús Franco, Lucio Fulci, Sergio Corbucci, Sergio Sollima]

Superhero Franchise (USA) 1978-
[Richard Donner, George Lucas, Richard Lester, Tim Burton, Christopher Nolan, Alex Proyas, Joel Schumacher, Sam Raimi, M. Night Shyamalan, Ang Lee, Guillermo del Toro]

Surréalisme (France) 1930-1969 = 39 years
Breton [L'Age d'Or, Entr'Acte, Potemkin, Ombres Blanches, Buñuel, Mack Sennett, Chaplin... King Kong, Peter Ibbetson]; general [Salvador Dali, Luis Buñuel, Man Ray, Germaine Dulac, Petr Karl, La Perle (Georges Hugnet, Henri d'Arche), Fleurs Meurtries (Roger Livet), Records 37 (Brunius), Jean Vigo, Prévert, Wilhelm Freddie (Spiste horisonter), Marcel Mariën (L'imitation du cinéma)]; USA underground [Maya Deren, Curtis Harrington, Gregory Markopoulos, Kenneth Anger, Joseph Cornell]; Canada [Lipsett]

Taiwan New Wave (Taiwan) 1982-1990 = 8 years
[Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Chen Kunhou]

TEEN FLICK (USA) 1950-
[Elia Kazan, John Hughes, John Landis, Judd Apatow]

Tendency films / Left wing cinema (Japan) 1920-30s
[Kenji Mizoguchi, Daisuke Itō, Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Tomu Uchida]

Tercer Cine / Third Cinema (Latin America) 1960-70s
[Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getino, Raymundo Gleyzer, Jorge Sanjinés]

Tropicalisme (Brazil) 1968-72 = 4 years
[Nelson Pereira, Joao Pedro de Andrade, Walter Lina Jr.]

True Cinema movement (India) 1980ies
[Rajan Sarma] Critic : Rajan Sarma

Underground film / New American Cinema (USA) 1957-80s
[Stan Brakhage, Harry Everett Smith, Maya Deren, Andy Warhol, Jonas Mekas, Ken Jacobs, Ron Rice, Jack Smith, George Kuchar, Mike Kuchar, Bruce Conner, Kenneth Anger, Carmelo Bene, Jean-Pierre Bouyxou, Stephen Dwoskin, Paul Morrissey, Otto Muehl, Pierre Clémenti] Critic : P. Adams Sitney, Manny Farber, Jonas Mekas, Amos Vogel

Unspoken Cinema / Contemporary Contemplative Cinema (World) 1971-
[Chantal Akerman, Abbas Kiarostami, Fernand Deligny, Franco Piavoli, Darejan Omirbaev, Sharunas Bartas, Tarr Béla, Aleksandr Sokurov, Tsai Ming-liang, Pedro Costa, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Lav Diaz, Lisandro Alonso, Carlos Reygadas, Gus Van Sant, Fliegauf Bence, James Benning, Tacita Dean, Amat Escalante, Albert Serra, Govindan Aravindan] critique : HarryTuttle

Video Art installation (World) 1963-
[Nam June Paik, Bill Viola, Fred Forest, Peter Campus, Vito Acconci, John Baldessari, Doris Totten Chase, Norman Cowie, Dan Graham, Joan Jonas, Bruce Nauman, Martha Rosler, William Wegman, Steina and Woody Vasulka, Domingo Sarrey, Juan Downey, Wolf Vostell, Slobodan Pajic, Wolf Kahlen, Peter Weibel, David Hall, Paul Wong, Lisa Steele, Colin Campbell, Miroslaw Rogala, Danny Matthys, Chantal Akerman, Akram Zaatari, Mireille Astore, Miranda July, Douglas Gordon, Martin Arnold, Matthias Müller, Lucio Fondana, Les Levine, Dennis Oppenheim, Charlotte Morman, Antoni Muntadas]

Yugoslav Black Wave / Novi Film (Yugoslavia) 1961-1972 = 11 years
[Dušan Makavejev, Živojin Pavlović, Aleksandar "Saša" Petrović, Želimir Žilnik, Miroslav "Mika" Antić, Lordan Zafranović, Mića Popović, Marko Babac]

WESTERN 1894-
[Thomas, H. Ince, J. Cruze, John Ford, Howard Hawks]

Wuxia / 武俠 / Kung Fu (China)  1966-
[King Hu, Ang Lee, Zhang Yimou, Chang Cheh]

Yeşilçam / Green pine (Turkey) 1950-70s
[Ömer Lütfi Akad, Osman Fahir Seden, Atıf Yılmaz, Memduh Ün,  Metin Erksan, Halit Refiğ, Duygu Sağıroğlu, Remzi Aydın Jöntürk, Nevzat Pesen]



And these are only the identifiable groups of filmmakers with a certain common affinity, it doesn't account for all the one-off films, the insular filmmakers, the oddities escaping all possible classifications...



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